My Feudal Lord by Tehmina Durrani, Corgi Books, 1995
A Thousand Splendid Sons by Khaled Hosseini, Bloomsbury, 2007
Tehmina Durrani’s memoir of her life with one of Pakistan’s most powerful politicians of the 70s, Gulam Mustafa Khar was not so much a devastating indictment of women’s role in Muslim societies – as the blurb says - but more an exposure of the way politics is played out in South Asian countries, in which the personal rarely impinges the public persona of important politicians. But Durrani must be credited for exposing the shenanigans of such a powerful feudal-politician and - one must credit Pakistan itself for the irony – be alive to tell her story!
What distinguishes the story firstly, is the sheer physical courage of T.D., considering the times the book deal with, the seventies in which the whole of South Asia was in turmoil. This was also the time when Pakistan – or at least very important sections of its ruling elites - began its dalliance with the forces of intolerance. Secondly, the complete openness with which she has disclosed the events in her life, including the fearless admission of her own faults and foibles, misjudgements and the compromises she had to make to safeguard her position. T.D. is so brutally open about crucial events in her life - her decision to leave her first husband Anees for GMK, her secret rendezvous with the “Lion of Punjab”, her initial romance ending in betrayal, the repeated physical abuse suffered at her husband’s hands followed by her shocking return to his embrace to suffer repeated cycles of thrashing – that the book is worth a read for her honesty alone.
Read the reasons she gives for breaking her relationship with Anees: “I now viewed my husband as inconsequential. Try as I might, I had no faith in his abilities and little respect for his intellect. I felt that he lacked the necessary drive and ambition to enhance his career and I was constantly badgering him and questioning his decisions. And yet I did not want a marriage like my parents. I needed a strong man who could manage his own professional life without my interference. I was weakened by my attachment to Anees, because he carried no weight to strengthen me.” Read along to find out her future projections of life with GMK, “I mused, Mustafa and I were two intermeshing spirits. We were both loners, who felt misunderstood. Ours, I decided, were artistic souls, struggling to find a cause to which we could commit ourselves. ........ I wanted to help him dismantle the face of ruthlessness and callousness erected around him.” All the hallmarks of female fallibility, a misogynist would jump to point out! She, however, confesses that in her heightened, emotional state, she felt the journey had just begun.
T.D. comes clean on the cruelty of GMK in his political life too. One of the first acts of GMK as Governor of Punjab was to crush the student protest of the 70s. He had the students arrested, paraded them naked on the streets and even let the policemen sodomise them. The other picture of GMK which emerges is the venality which was ingrained in him, be it in his treatment of women – he married six times and came very close to marrying TD’s half-sister – or the treachery he perfected and the political positions he changed. Curiously enough, she offers an explanation for GMK’s conduct towards women: “He resented women from our social background and made it his mission to subjugate them. He disguised his class envy by assuming a feudal air. His political idealism was merely an attempt to gain access to our class and that his concern for the poor and downtrodden was a sham. In truth, it was a manifestation of his hatred for the elite. He wanted to demolish the structure that ridiculed his origins and laughed at his lack of breeding and style. Women were his obvious victims. He was out to destroy us.” This is a hackneyed attempt to locate personal conduct of powerful men to their social origins alone neglecting the permissiveness of political and social milieu in which they live. The blame must be shared by those who allow such men to walk on the stage.
There is an Indian connection too to this story. After the military coup of 1977, GMK was exiled under suspicious circumstances. The rumour doing the rounds was that he had come to an understanding with the military to gather the support of PPP exiles to the side of the army. Once in U.K., his prescription for Pak’s illness changed dramatically. He wanted the Pak army to suffer a debilitating defeat so that it stood discredited in the eyes of the common folks of his country and the people turn to saviours like him. As TD informs us, GMK visited India secretly to convince Indira Gandhi but her assassination put paid to his ambition. Rajiv never entertained him once he took over power after his mother’s death.
Despite all his somersaults, GMK could still return from exile to become a federal minister in the Benazir Government! Benazir herself enacted a reply of it in 2008 but with tragic consequences for her and her family.
Another story which portrays a greater tragedy unravelling in Pakistan’s neighbouring country, Afghanistan, is Khaled Hosseini’s “A Thousand Splendid Suns”. Narrated through the experience of Mariam, a daughter born out of wedlock to a small businessman in Herat, who is married at 15 to a Shoe maker 30 years older whose “raspy voice reminded her of the sound of dry autumn leaves crushed underfoot”. There are poetic descriptions of ordinary events like this one when Mariam recalls the summer night at her village in Gul Daman, Herat, “the night so hot their shirts would cling to their chests like a wet leaf to a window”; the eye for detail when Mariam describes the scene after husband’s Eid party with friends, “the overturned cups, the half-chewed pumpkin seeds stashed between mattresses, the plates crusted with the outline of last night’s meal” and the pithy but accurate salvo on her relationship with Rashid, “an unloved marriage, where the coupling with husband was still an exercise in tolerating pain”
Mariam’s tragic life mirrors the tragedy of her country itself, which all begun on April 17, 1978 when the Khalq faction of PDPA, the Communist party of Afghanistan captured power in putsch. The life of Mariam passes through all the travails her country had gone through, Soviet invasion, Mujahideen resistance, the civil war after soviet withdrawal and the Taliban takeover. There could not have been a better example of the way an individual is corrupted by the all-round lawlessness which grips a society than the conduct of Rashid as he marries Laila, who is suddenly orphaned and comes under the roof of Mariam. The reason he gives in support of his proposal in the face of opposition from Mariam is cruel but it reflects the tragic state of affairs of Afghanistan, “She can leave. I won’t stand in her way. But I suspect she won’t get far. No food, no water; not a rupiah in her pockets, bullets and rockets flying everywhere. How many days do you suppose she’ll last before she’s abducted, raped or tossed into some roadside ditch with her throat slit? Or all three? The roads there are unforgiving. Mariam believe me. Blood hounds and bandits at every turn. Let’s say that by some miracle she gets to Peshawar. What then? Do you have any idea what those camps are like? Of course she would keep warm in one of those Peshawar brothels.” Not just perched on the cliff but a fall into the deep sea or an act of rescue by a devil!
The Mujahideen (Holy Warriers) thrived in this state of anarchy and brought in a new act of cruelty which was hitherto unheard of. Rasheed says of the Mujahideen’s methods of fighting the civil war: “The Mujahideen drag boys right off the streets. And when soldiers from a rival militia capture these boys, they torture them. I heard they electrocute them, that they crush their balls with pliers. They make the boys lead them to their homes. Then they break in, kill their fathers, rape their sisters and mothers.” No surprise when the Taliban marched into Kabul, the people welcomed with open arms!
After a titanic struggle which sees Mariam kill her husband, Rasheed and getting captured by the Taliban police, Laila with Zalmai – Mariam-Tariq’s child – is reunited with Tariq in Muree, Pakistan. But Mariam’s country awaits deliverance, from the Americans, Pakistanis and more importantly, from her own countrymen - drug lords, freedom fighters and the lackeys who run the country at the behest of foreign rulers.

